commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug. Desired effects of MDMA include increased empathy, pleasure, happiness; heightened sensations; altered sense of time, and sexuality.[10][11] When taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and resolve after 3–6 hours.[6][12] It can also be snorted or smoked.[13] As of 2016, MDMA has no accepted medical uses.[3]
Adverse effects of MDMA use include addiction, memory problems, paranoia, difficulty sleeping, teeth grinding, blurred vision, sweating, and a rapid heartbeat. Use may also lead to depression and fatigue. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration.[13] MDMA increases the release and slows the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in parts of the brain — and has stimulant and psychedelic effects.[1][14] The initial increase is followed by a short-term decrease in the neurotransmitters.[12][13] It is structurally similar to methamphetamine, but it has more in common with the pharmacological effects of amphetamine and hallucinogens.[12][14]
MDMA was first made in 1912.[13] It was used to improve psychotherapy in the 1970s and become popular as a street drug in the 1980s.[12][13][15] MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music.[16] It is often sold mixed with other substances such as ephedrine or ketamine.[13] In 2013, between 9 and 28 million people between the ages of 15 and 65 used ecstasy (0.2% to 0.6% of the world population). This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine, amphetamines, and opioids, but fewer than for cannabis.[17] In the United States, it was used by about 0.9 million people in 2010.[13]Having or using MDMA is generally illegal in most countries. Limited exceptions are sometimes made for research. Research is investigating whether a few low doses of MDMA may assist in treating severe, treatment-resistant mental disorders.[10][18] More research is needed to determine if its usefulness outweighs the risk of harm.[10][18]
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